![]() ![]() They have also been used for the early detection of diseases (e.g., virus, bacterial, cancer). One and two-dimensional nanomaterials can be used for signal amplification, are nanosized (≤100 nm), have high electrical conductivity, and are compatible with drugs and biological molecules. Three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds are polymer-based structures with balanced moisture, absorption, strongly organized porosity (60–90%), and gas permeability, comparable to native extracellular matrices. Tissue-engineered nanofiber scaffolds are considered the best option to manage tissue loss and end-stage organ failure and have already helped millions of patients worldwide. In bioimaging, tailored fluorescent nanoparticles could outperform traditional molecular probes as fluorescent indicators, particularly in terms of sensitivity. Indeed, nanomaterials’ chemical composition, size, shape, surface charge, area, and entry route in the body can influence their biological activities and effects. Nanomaterials’ discrete features can complicate the assessment of the effects and the toxicity risk associated with their use in a biological environment. Remarkably, several studies suggest that ancient civilizations in India, Egypt, and China used nanotechnology (metallic gold) for therapeutic purposes in 2500 BC. These outstanding features explain why nanomaterials are the perfect candidates in the biomedical sector for the production of tissue-engineered scaffolds (e.g., blood vessels, bone), drug delivery systems (gene therapy, cancer treatments, drugs for chronic respiratory infections), chemical sensors, biosensors, and wound dressings. ![]() Nanomaterials display many interesting features, such as superior mechanical performance, the possibility of surface functionalization, large surface area, and tunable porosity, compared to their bulk materials. Among all the methods, recently, the synthesis of nanomaterials by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electrospinning, 3D printing, biological synthesis, and supercritical fluid have gained importance, which is mingled with other methods to improve the synthesis efficiency. Nanomaterials are typically synthesized by one of two main approaches, i.e., bottom-up approach and top-down approach. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough of nanomaterials are related to the optimization of production and processing conditions. As toxicological assessment depends on sizes and morphologies, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanomaterials dosages. Depending on their morphology (e.g., size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanomaterials can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. This review focuses on various nanomaterial types (e.g., spherical, nanorods, nanotubes, nanosheets, nanofibers, core-shell, and mesoporous) that can be synthesized from different raw materials and their emerging applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, antimicrobial, and agro-foods. This review describes the different nanoparticles and nanostructured material synthesis approaches and presents some emerging biomedical, healthcare, and agro-food applications. Several case studies demonstrated that nanomaterials can offer solutions to the current challenges of raw materials in the biomedical and healthcare fields. In the last few decades, the vast potential of nanomaterials for biomedical and healthcare applications has been extensively investigated. ![]()
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